TorGuard VPN review! TorGuard offers VPN services backed by solid 3000+ server infrastructure spread across 50 countries. Read more about TorGuard VPN, features, and pricing.
TorGuard review
Review for TorGuard VPN services: The best tool to secure your web traffic. TorGuard is a leading firm in VPN services with the tagline ‘Don’t Risk Your Online Privacy. Go Stealth with TorGuard‘. So let’s get our hands on TorGuard VPN and see its features. But first let’s try to figure out, what is VPN? why VPN? and why do I need my web traffic secured?
VPN is a short form of Virtual Private Network. It’s about privacy. In today’s world, data is everything. Big companies, businesses always look for data to analyze and decide business strategy. Public domain data is gathered from internet traffic. If you are connected to free wifi then there are maximum chances your internet traffic is being monitored and maybe being sold to such companies. So online privacy is a key area to focus on these days. That’s where a VPN comes into the picture. VPN creates a secure tunnel between you and the VPN server. All your internet traffic will be routed through this tunnel and then to the internet from the VPN server. This way you keep your anonymity online and no middleman can intercept/ snoop your internet traffic.
TorGuard VPN
Now we know little basic about VPN, let’s get our hands on TorGuard VPN. To use TorGuard VPN you have plenty of options depending on which device you want to use on. They have windows, Linux, MAC OS software setups. They also have Android, iOS apps, Mozilla, Chrome browser extensions & router setup scripts. All these downloads can be explored on their download page. Another cool way to connect TorGuard is by using the Cisco AnyConnect client. Here is a small guide by TorGuard to set up the Cisco AnyConnect clients to use their services.
TorGuard VPN chrome extension
For quick hands-on, we are using the Chrome Browser extension. The extension is available in the Chrome store here. After installing you will be asked for login credentials.
You have an option to save your credentials so that you need not enter them every time you connect. You also have an option to select a country from which your VPN server will be selected to connect you to the internet. Connection type by default SSL since you want to secure connection but HTTP protocol is also available if you choose to. It also offers port selection if you opt for it.
Observe your current IP and hit the connect button. Once connected your current IP will be changed and the extension icon on the Chrome bar turns green. Extensive information about your IP can be fetched by visiting TorGurd’s ‘What is my IP‘ page.
Do you know: TorGuard’s website detects your current IP and ISP details and displays it to you in websites header menu bar! Go check yourself.
TorGuard has a massive network across the globe for serving you. Around 3000+servers in 50+ countries serving different VPN services to TorGuard customers. You can figure out how much extensive mesh of servers they have to back these numbers. The complete list of their infrastructure can be found here.
TorGuard VPN features
Simply changing IP does not help to keep you anonymous online. So TorGuard has tonnes of features and add-ons to choose from. TorGuard offers simultaneous connections, unlimited speed & bandwidth, cross-platform compatibility. With security norms, it has OpenVPN/PPTP/L2TP/iKEv2/SSTP, Multiple Ciphers AES128/AES256, Stealth Proxy (ShadowProxy) to offer. Advertisers always find a way to sneak into your traffic and get the data for their partners. TorGuard has very strong ad network blocking along with malware blocking. It also blocks WebRTC/DNS/IPv6 Leaks.
TorGuard has anonymous webmail service as well. G/PGP end-to-end encrypted webmail for secured communication. It comes with MITM Protection which guard email against Man in the Middle Attacks. TorGuard offers higher-speed networks, dedicated IPs, residential IPs of specific countries as add-ons to its existing customers.
Plans and pricing
A basic anonymous VPN comes with $9.99 monthly. It’s best if you are just starting off with a VPN and wanted to try out before you invest a bigger amount in it. For an average user, their quarterly bundle pack is super. It’s for $19.99 and includes most of the features. All anonymous VPN plans can be seen here.
We have special 50% discounts for KernelTalks readers for Anonymous Proxy, Anonymous VPN, Anonymous Webmail products. Visit TorGuard with this link and enter coupon code KRNTLKS
We mentioned above about anonymous webmail service by TorGuard. It comes with free with VPN plans but only 10MB limited storage. For unlimited storage, you have to opt-in monthly, quarterly, or yearly plans which are for $6.95, $15.95 and $49.95. You can use coupons and links above to get heavy discounts!
Closing note
TorGuard VPN is the security niche essential tool for internet savvy people caring about their privacy and personal space. It offers basic services at a very low price and can be of great use with add-ons at the stack of some extra bucks.
Complete Spyrus WorkSafe Linux2Go drive review covering hardware and software features along with performance parameters.
Spyrus Linux2go device review by KernelTalks
Spyrus WorkSafe Linux2Go is your personal Linux machine on a USB stick with military-grade security. Do you work in IT and move from office to office frequently? Do you travel a lot? Do you aim for lesser luggage to carry? You don’t want to carry the laptop everywhere you travel? then Spyrus WorkSafe is the solution for you. Its a secured USB device with SSD storage carrying complete OS and loaded with heavy security features. You just need a live computer with a keyboard, mouse, and USB port to tuck in. Plugin your Spyrus device, boot from USB with Spyrus, and you are good to go. Your workplace, your personal computer is with you all the time! And it’s super packed with hardware and software layer of securities that you should not be worried about someone trying to tamper it.
Let’s get more familiar with this device and get into its specification.
Physical dimensions
It’s a rock-solid device with a black metal casing. The casing is inside filled with an epoxy filling which saves the device from physical shocks and tampering attempts.
Linux2Go drive casing
The metal cap is designed large enough to cover the port physically well. It even clicks fit when closed so that it won’t loose open while you store the device in a bag, drawers, etc. Ensuring the device is well protected from dirt, moisture, physical damage, etc when not in use and sitting idle. The metal cap is secured with a soft rubber tether so that you won’t lose it when not closed. With the cap perfectly closed in, the device can withstand 1 meter of water depth for several minutes without any impact. Such kind of physical security is provided to the device which leaves a very rare chance of physical damage to the device.
The device measures 86.1 mm x 24.2 mm x 10.8 mm. It’s pretty large enough than normal USB storage sticks. With all this thickness, it’s not possible to connect any other USB device in a neighboring port. You may want to use a USB extension cable to access neighboring USB port. The casing does have a strap hole to attach keychain or sort of accessories.
Along with physical military-grade security, the device has so much to offer on software security front as well.
Spyrus linux2go drive
Device booting is protected by ToughBoot bootloader which is password protected. Only if you have ToughBoot password, you can boot device. When not booted into and plugged into to already running machine, you can use it as a smart card logon. The device is also loaded with CCID (Chip Card Interface Device) support and embedded readerless smart card for authentication. This smart card authentication can be used for secured network accesses or with PKI digital certificate functions.
The device is installed with BitLocker which offers full disk encryption for an extra layer of security. You can even create a separate encrypted partition with it. The device also offers military-grade XTS-AES 256 hardware-based encryption which is purely happening on the device only. Resources needed for hardware-based encryption are equipped with the device and it doesn’t rely on the host machine’s resources for encryption.
Spyrus offers central management of devices through SEMS (Spyrus Enterprise Management System) It helps to manage your devices centrally through one console. You can even get the help of it when you forgot your device passwords. It can also enable or disable drives remotely so you have full control of the device whether you have it physically with you or not.
Spyrus Linux2Go device is also configured with hardware read-only mode which can be added security for very sensitive data placed on it. More of such a technical feature list can be found here on their webpage.
Performance
The device is pretty quick to boot. It comes up to the ToughBoot password prompt within few seconds. My Spyrus WorkSafe Linux2Go drive booted in 17 seconds. Read-write speeds seem promising. Spyrus claimed sequential read up to 249 MB/sec and sequential write up to 238 MB/sec.
The device does get warm after long use. Performance is super on USB 3.0 ports and yes they are backward compatible with USB 2.0 ports as well. But you won’t get that optimum performance on 2.0 ports. Spyrus guarantees data retention on the drive for 10 years which is pretty good enough.
Spyrus WorkSafe Linux2Go drive datasheet here for your reference. Some more numbers, performance parameters are in this datasheet.
Where to buy
Spyrus Linux2Go drives are available in 32GB, 64GB, 128GB, 256GB, 512GB & 1TB sizing. As of today (at the time of writing this review) drives are not available to buy online directly. You need to contact Spyrus for your purchase. Spyrus does have the online store here but Linux2Go drives are not on sale there. Pricing details are not available online from Spyrus but approximately it varies from $2.5 to $4 per GB. Higher size device will have a lower price per GB and vice versa.
So why wait…Go get your copy of Linux2Go drive and carry your Linux world with you wherever you go!
We have a 10GB EBS volume attached to the Linux EC2 server. /testmount of 9.9GB is created using this disk at OS level. We will be increasing it to 15GB.
root@kerneltalks # lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
xvda 202:0 0 10G 0 disk
└─xvda1 202:1 0 10G 0 part /
xvdf 202:80 0 10G 0 disk
└─datavg-datalv (dm-0) 253:0 0 9.9G 0 lvm /testmount
Step 1: How to extend EBS volume attached to the EC2 server in AWS
Login to AWS EC2 console, click on Volumes under Elastic Block Store in the left-hand side menu. Then select the volume you want to extend. From Actions drop-down menu select Modify Volume You will see below screen :
Modify EBS volume in AWS
Change size (in our case we changed from 10 to 16GB) and click Modify. Accept the confirmation dialogue box by clicking Yes.
Once modify operation succeeded, refresh the Volume list page and confirm the new size is being shown against the volume you modified just now. Now, your EBS volume is extended successfully at the AWS level. You need to extend it at OS level now.
Step 2: How to re-scan new size of EBS volume in Linux & extend filesystem online
Since EBS volumes size has been changed you need to rescan it in OS so that kernel and volume managers (LVM in our case) should make a note about the new size. In LVM, you can use pvresize command to rescan this extended EBS volume.
After successful rescan, check if the new size is identified by the kernel or not using lsblk command.
root@kerneltalks # lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
xvda 202:0 0 10G 0 disk
└─xvda1 202:1 0 10G 0 part /
xvdf 202:80 0 16G 0 disk
└─datavg-datalv (dm-0) 253:0 0 9.9G 0 lvm /testmount
You can see in the above output, now xvdf disk is shown with size 16G! So, the new disk size is identified. Now proceed to extend file system online using lvextend and resize2fs. Read how to extend the filesystem online for more details.
root@kerneltalks # lvextend -L 15G /dev/datavg/datalv
Extending logical volume datalv to 15.00 GiB
Logical volume datalv successfully resized
root@kerneltalks # resize2fs /dev/datavg/datalv
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem at /dev/datavg/datalv is mounted on /testmount; on-line resizing required
old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/datavg/datalv to 3932160 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/datavg/datalv is now 3932160 blocks long.
Check if the mount point is showing new bigger size.
root@kerneltalks # df -Ph /testmount
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/datavg-datalv 15G 153M 14G 2% /testmount
Yup, as we planned /testmount is now 15G in size from 9.9GB earlier size.
Learn the zypper command with 12 useful examples along with sample outputs. zypper is used for package and patch management in Suse Linux systems.
zypper command examples
zypper is a package management system powered by ZYpp package manager engine. Suse Linux uses zypper for package management. In this article, we will be sharing 12 useful zypper commands along with examples that are helpful for your day to day sysadmin tasks.
Without any argument zypper command will list you all available switches which can be used. It’s quite handy than referring to the man page which is pretty much in detail.
root@kerneltalks # zypper
Usage:
zypper [--global-options] <command> [--command-options] [arguments]
zypper <subcommand> [--command-options] [arguments]
Global Options:
--help, -h Help.
--version, -V Output the version number.
--promptids Output a list of zypper's user prompts.
--config, -c <file> Use specified config file instead of the default .
--userdata <string> User defined transaction id used in history and plugins.
--quiet, -q Suppress normal output, print only error
messages.
--verbose, -v Increase verbosity.
--color
--no-color Whether to use colors in output if tty supports it.
--no-abbrev, -A Do not abbreviate text in tables.
--table-style, -s Table style (integer).
--non-interactive, -n Do not ask anything, use default answers
automatically.
--non-interactive-include-reboot-patches
Do not treat patches as interactive, which have
the rebootSuggested-flag set.
--xmlout, -x Switch to XML output.
--ignore-unknown, -i Ignore unknown packages.
--reposd-dir, -D <dir> Use alternative repository definition file
directory.
--cache-dir, -C <dir> Use alternative directory for all caches.
--raw-cache-dir <dir> Use alternative raw meta-data cache directory.
--solv-cache-dir <dir> Use alternative solv file cache directory.
--pkg-cache-dir <dir> Use alternative package cache directory.
Repository Options:
--no-gpg-checks Ignore GPG check failures and continue.
--gpg-auto-import-keys Automatically trust and import new repository
signing keys.
--plus-repo, -p <URI> Use an additional repository.
--plus-content <tag> Additionally use disabled repositories providing a specific keyword.
Try '--plus-content debug' to enable repos indic ating to provide debug packages.
--disable-repositories Do not read meta-data from repositories.
--no-refresh Do not refresh the repositories.
--no-cd Ignore CD/DVD repositories.
--no-remote Ignore remote repositories.
--releasever Set the value of $releasever in all .repo files (default: distribution version)
Target Options:
--root, -R <dir> Operate on a different root directory.
--disable-system-resolvables
Do not read installed packages.
Commands:
help, ? Print help.
shell, sh Accept multiple commands at once.
Repository Management:
repos, lr List all defined repositories.
addrepo, ar Add a new repository.
removerepo, rr Remove specified repository.
renamerepo, nr Rename specified repository.
modifyrepo, mr Modify specified repository.
refresh, ref Refresh all repositories.
clean Clean local caches.
Service Management:
services, ls List all defined services.
addservice, as Add a new service.
modifyservice, ms Modify specified service.
removeservice, rs Remove specified service.
refresh-services, refs Refresh all services.
Software Management:
install, in Install packages.
remove, rm Remove packages.
verify, ve Verify integrity of package dependencies.
source-install, si Install source packages and their build
dependencies.
install-new-recommends, inr
Install newly added packages recommended
by installed packages.
Update Management:
update, up Update installed packages with newer versions.
list-updates, lu List available updates.
patch Install needed patches.
list-patches, lp List needed patches.
dist-upgrade, dup Perform a distribution upgrade.
patch-check, pchk Check for patches.
Querying:
search, se Search for packages matching a pattern.
info, if Show full information for specified packages.
patch-info Show full information for specified patches.
pattern-info Show full information for specified patterns.
product-info Show full information for specified products.
patches, pch List all available patches.
packages, pa List all available packages.
patterns, pt List all available patterns.
products, pd List all available products.
what-provides, wp List packages providing specified capability.
Package Locks:
addlock, al Add a package lock.
removelock, rl Remove a package lock.
locks, ll List current package locks.
cleanlocks, cl Remove unused locks.
Other Commands:
versioncmp, vcmp Compare two version strings.
targetos, tos Print the target operating system ID string.
licenses Print report about licenses and EULAs of
installed packages.
download Download rpms specified on the commandline to a local directory.
source-download Download source rpms for all installed packages
to a local directory.
Subcommands:
subcommand Lists available subcommands.
Type 'zypper help <command>' to get command-specific help.
How to install the package using zypper
zypper takes in or install switch to install the package on your system. It’s the same as yum package installation, supplying package name as an argument, and package manager (zypper here) will resolve all dependencies and install them along with your required package.
# zypper install telnet
Refreshing service 'SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net'.
Refreshing service 'cloud_update'.
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...
The following NEW package is going to be installed:
telnet
1 new package to install.
Overall download size: 51.8 KiB. Already cached: 0 B. After the operation, additional 113.3 KiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/...? shows all options] (y): y
Retrieving package telnet-1.2-165.63.x86_64 (1/1), 51.8 KiB (113.3 KiB unpacked)
Retrieving: telnet-1.2-165.63.x86_64.rpm .........................................................................................................................[done]
Checking for file conflicts: .....................................................................................................................................[done]
(1/1) Installing: telnet-1.2-165.63.x86_64 .......................................................................................................................[done]
Above output for your reference in which we installed telnet package.
For erasing or removing packages in Suse Linux, use zypper with remove or rm switch.
root@kerneltalks # zypper rm telnet
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...
The following package is going to be REMOVED:
telnet
1 package to remove.
After the operation, 113.3 KiB will be freed.
Continue? [y/n/...? shows all options] (y): y
(1/1) Removing telnet-1.2-165.63.x86_64 ..........................................................................................................................[done]
We removed previously installed telnet package here.
Check dependencies and verify the integrity of installed packages using zypper
There are times when one can install the package by force ignoring dependencies. zypper gives you the power to scan all installed packages and checks for their dependencies too. If any dependency is missing, it offers you to install/remove it and hence maintain the integrity of your installed packages.
Use verify or ve switch with zypper to check the integrity of installed packages.
root@kerneltalks # zypper ve
Refreshing service 'SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net'.
Refreshing service 'cloud_update'.
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Dependencies of all installed packages are satisfied.
In the above output, you can see the last line confirms that all dependencies of installed packages are completed and no action required.
How to download package using zypper in Suse Linux
zypper offers a way to download the package in the local directory without installation. You can use this downloaded package on another system with the same configuration. Packages will be downloaded to /var/cache/zypp/packages/<repo>/<arch>/ directory.
root@kerneltalks # zypper download telnet
Refreshing service 'SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net'.
Refreshing service 'cloud_update'.
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Retrieving package telnet-1.2-165.63.x86_64 (1/1), 51.8 KiB (113.3 KiB unpacked)
(1/1) /var/cache/zypp/packages/SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net:SLES12-SP3-Pool/x86_64/telnet-1.2-165.63.x86_64.rpm ................................................[done]
download: Done.
# ls -lrt /var/cache/zypp/packages/SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net:SLES12-SP3-Pool/x86_64/
total 52
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 53025 Feb 21 03:17 telnet-1.2-165.63.x86_64.rpm
You can see we have downloaded telnet package locally using zypper
zypper allows you to view all available updates for your installed packages so that you can plan update activity in advance. Use list-updates or lu switch to show you a list of all available updates for installed packages.
root@kerneltalks # zypper lu
Refreshing service 'SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net'.
Refreshing service 'cloud_update'.
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
S | Repository | Name | Current Version | Available Version | Arch
--+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------+-------
v | SLES12-SP3-Updates | at-spi2-core | 2.20.2-12.3 | 2.20.2-14.3.1 | x86_64
v | SLES12-SP3-Updates | bash | 4.3-82.1 | 4.3-83.5.2 | x86_64
v | SLES12-SP3-Updates | ca-certificates-mozilla | 2.7-11.1 | 2.22-12.3.1 | noarch
v | SLE-Module-Containers12-Updates | containerd | 0.2.5+gitr639_422e31c-20.2 | 0.2.9+gitr706_06b9cb351610-16.8.1 | x86_64
v | SLES12-SP3-Updates | crash | 7.1.8-4.3.1 | 7.1.8-4.6.2 | x86_64
v | SLES12-SP3-Updates | rsync | 3.1.0-12.1 | 3.1.0-13.10.1 | x86_64
The output is properly formatted for easy reading. Column wise it shows the name of repo where package belongs, package name, installed version, new updated available version & architecture.
List and install patches in Suse linux
Use list-patches or lp switch to display all available patches for your Suse Linux system which needs to be applied.
The output is pretty much nicely organized with respective headers. You can easily figure out and plan your patch update accordingly. We can see out of 37 patches available on our system 18 are security ones and needs to be applied on high priority!
You can install all needed patches by issuing zypper patch command.
How to update package using zypper
To update package using zypper, use update or up switch followed by package name. In the above list updates command, we learned that rsync package update is available on our server. Let update it now –
root@kerneltalks # zypper update rsync
Refreshing service 'SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net'.
Refreshing service 'cloud_update'.
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...
The following package is going to be upgraded:
rsync
1 package to upgrade.
Overall download size: 325.2 KiB. Already cached: 0 B. After the operation, additional 64.0 B will be used.
Continue? [y/n/...? shows all options] (y): y
Retrieving package rsync-3.1.0-13.10.1.x86_64 (1/1), 325.2 KiB (625.5 KiB unpacked)
Retrieving: rsync-3.1.0-13.10.1.x86_64.rpm .......................................................................................................................[done]
Checking for file conflicts: .....................................................................................................................................[done]
(1/1) Installing: rsync-3.1.0-13.10.1.x86_64 .....................................................................................................................[done]
Search package using zypper in Suse Linux
If you are not sure about the full package name, no worries. You can search packages in zypper by supplying search string with se or search switch
root@kerneltalks # zypper se lvm
Refreshing service 'SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net'.
Refreshing service 'cloud_update'.
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
S | Name | Summary | Type
---+---------------+------------------------------+-----------
| libLLVM | Libraries for LLVM | package
| libLLVM-32bit | Libraries for LLVM | package
| llvm | Low Level Virtual Machine | package
| llvm-devel | Header Files for LLVM | package
| lvm2 | Logical Volume Manager Tools | srcpackage
i+ | lvm2 | Logical Volume Manager Tools | package
| lvm2-devel | Development files for LVM2 | package
In the above example, we searched lvm string and came up with the list shown above. You can use Name in zypper install/remove/update commands.
Check installed package information using zypper
You can check installed packages details using zypper. info or if switch will list out information of the installed package. It can also display package details which are not installed. In that case, Installed parameter will reflect No value.
root@kerneltalks # zypper info rsync
Refreshing service 'SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net'.
Refreshing service 'cloud_update'.
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Information for package rsync:
------------------------------
Repository : SLES12-SP3-Updates
Name : rsync
Version : 3.1.0-13.10.1
Arch : x86_64
Vendor : SUSE LLC <https://www.suse.com/>
Support Level : Level 3
Installed Size : 625.5 KiB
Installed : Yes
Status : up-to-date
Source package : rsync-3.1.0-13.10.1.src
Summary : Versatile tool for fast incremental file transfer
Description :
Rsync is a fast and extraordinarily versatile file copying tool. It can copy
locally, to/from another host over any remote shell, or to/from a remote rsync
daemon. It offers a large number of options that control every aspect of its
behavior and permit very flexible specification of the set of files to be
copied. It is famous for its delta-transfer algorithm, which reduces the amount
of data sent over the network by sending only the differences between the
source files and the existing files in the destination. Rsync is widely used
for backups and mirroring and as an improved copy command for everyday use.
List repositories using zypper
To list repo use lr or repos switch with zypper command. It will list all available repos which include enabled and not-enabled both repos.
root@kerneltalks # zypper lr
Refreshing service 'cloud_update'.
Repository priorities are without effect. All enabled repositories share the same priority.
# | Alias | Name | Enabled | GPG Check | Refresh
---+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------+--------
1 | SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net:SLE-Module-Adv-Systems-Management12-Debuginfo-Pool | SLE-Module-Adv-Systems-Management12-Debuginfo-Pool | No | ---- | ----
2 | SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net:SLE-Module-Adv-Systems-Management12-Debuginfo-Updates | SLE-Module-Adv-Systems-Management12-Debuginfo-Updates | No | ---- | ----
3 | SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net:SLE-Module-Adv-Systems-Management12-Pool | SLE-Module-Adv-Systems-Management12-Pool | Yes | (r ) Yes | No
4 | SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net:SLE-Module-Adv-Systems-Management12-Updates | SLE-Module-Adv-Systems-Management12-Updates | Yes | (r ) Yes | Yes
5 | SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net:SLE-Module-Containers12-Debuginfo-Pool | SLE-Module-Containers12-Debuginfo-Pool | No | ---- | ----
6 | SMT-http_smt-ec2_susecloud_net:SLE-Module-Containers12-Debuginfo-Updates | SLE-Module-Containers12-Debuginfo-Updates | No | ---- | ----
here you need to check enabled column to check which repos are enabled and which are not.
Learn how to enable repository using subscription-manager in RHEL. The article also includes steps to register system with Red Hat, attach subscription and errors along with resolutions.
Enable repository using subscription-manager
In this article, we will walk you through step by step process to enable Red Hat repository in RHEL fresh installed server.
The repository can be enabled using subscription-managercommand like below –
root@kerneltalks # subscription-manager repos --enable rhel-6-server-rhv-4-agent-beta-debug-rpms
Error: 'rhel-6-server-rhv-4-agent-beta-debug-rpms' does not match a valid repository ID. Use "subscription-manager repos --list" to see valid repositories.
You will see the above error when your subscription is not in place. Let’s go through step by step procedure to enable repositories via subscription-manager
Step 1 : Register your system with Red Hat
We are considering you have a freshly installed system and it’s not yet registered with Red Hat. If you have a registered system already then you can ignore this step.
You can check if your system is registered with Red Hat for the subscription using below command –
# subscription-manager version
server type: This system is currently not registered.
subscription management server: Unknown
subscription management rules: Unknown
subscription-manager: 1.18.10-1.el6
python-rhsm: 1.18.6-1.el6
Here, in the first line of output, you can see the system is not registered. So, let’s start with the registering system. You need to use the subscription-managercommand with register switch. You need to use your Red Hat account credentials here.
root@kerneltalks # subscription-manager register
Registering to: subscription.rhsm.redhat.com:443/subscription
Username: admin@kerneltalks.com
Password:
Network error, unable to connect to server. Please see /var/log/rhsm/rhsm.log for more information.
If you are getting above error then your server is not able to reach RedHat. Check internet connection & if you are able to resolve site names. Sometimes even if you are able to ping the subscription server, you will see this error. This might be because you have the proxy server in your environment. In such a case, you need to add its details in file /etc/rhsm/rhsm.conf. Below proxy details should be populated :
# an http proxy server to use
proxy_hostname =
# port for http proxy server
proxy_port =
# user name for authenticating to an http proxy, if needed
proxy_user =
# password for basic http proxy auth, if needed
proxy_password =
Once you are done, recheck if subscription-manager taken up new proxy details by using below command –
root@kerneltalks # subscription-manager register
Registering to: subscription.rhsm.redhat.com:443/subscription
Username: admin@kerneltalks.com
Password:
You must first accept Red Hat's Terms and conditions. Please visit https://www.redhat.com/wapps/tnc/termsack?event[]=signIn . You may have to log out of and back into the Customer Portal in order to see the terms.
You will see the above error if you are adding the server to your Red Hat account for the first time. Go to the URL and accept the terms. Come back to the terminal and try again.
root@kerneltalks # subscription-manager register
Registering to: subscription.rhsm.redhat.com:443/subscription
Username: admin@kerneltalks.com
Password:
The system has been registered with ID: xxxxb2-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xx8e199xxx
Bingo! The system is registered with Red Hat now. You can again verify it with version switch.
root@kerneltalks # subscription-manager version
server type: Red Hat Subscription Management
subscription management server: 2.0.43-1
subscription management rules: 5.26
subscription-manager: 1.18.10-1.el6
python-rhsm: 1.18.6-1.el6
Step 2: Attach subscription to your server
First, try to list repositories. You won’t be able to list any since we haven’t attached any subscription to our server yet.
root@kerneltalks # subscription-manager repos --list
This system has no repositories available through subscriptions.
As you can see subscription-manager couldn’t found any repositories, you need to attach subscriptions to your server. Once the subscription is attached, subscription-manager will be able to list repositories under it.
To attach subscription, check all available subscriptions for your server with below command –
root@kerneltalks # subscription-manager list --available
+-------------------------------------------+
Available Subscriptions
+-------------------------------------------+
Subscription Name: Red Hat Enterprise Linux for Virtual Datacenters, Standard
Provides: Red Hat Beta
Red Hat Software Collections (for RHEL Server)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Atomic Host Beta
Oracle Java (for RHEL Server)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server
dotNET on RHEL (for RHEL Server)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Atomic Host
Red Hat Software Collections Beta (for RHEL Server)
Red Hat Developer Tools Beta (for RHEL Server)
Red Hat Developer Toolset (for RHEL Server)
Red Hat Developer Tools (for RHEL Server)
SKU: RH00050
Contract: xxxxxxxx
Pool ID: 8a85f98c6011059f0160110a2ae6000f
Provides Management: Yes
Available: Unlimited
Suggested: 0
Service Level: Standard
Service Type: L1-L3
Subscription Type: Stackable (Temporary)
Ends: 12/01/2018
System Type: Virtual
You will get the list of such subscriptions available for your server. You need to read through what it provides and note down Pool ID of subscriptions that are useful/required for you.
Now, attach subscriptions to your server by using pool ID.
root@kerneltalks # subscription-manager attach --pool=8a85f98c6011059f0160110a2ae6000f
Successfully attached a subscription for: Red Hat Enterprise Linux for Virtual Datacenters, Standard
If you are not sure which one to pick, you can simply attach subscriptions automatically which are best suited for your server with below command –
root@kerneltalks # subscription-manager attach --auto
Installed Product Current Status:
Product Name: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server
Status: Subscribed
Move on to the final step to enable repository.
Step 3: Enable repository
Now you will enable repository which is available under your attached subscription.
root@kerneltalks # subscription-manager repos --enable rhel-6-server-rhv-4-agent-beta-debug-rpms
Repository 'rhel-6-server-rhv-4-agent-beta-debug-rpms' is enabled for this system.
Learn how to boot SPYRUS WorkSafe PRO Linux2Go drive along with Video Demo.
how to boot Linux from Linux2Go drive
In this article, we will be walking you through steps to first boot your SPYRUS WorkSafe Pro Linux2Go drive and use it. More details about the SPYRUS WorkSafe Pro Linux2Go device. We will be covering more about the device in another article.
Step 1 :
Set your host machine which might be a laptop or desktop on which you are attaching SPYRUS Linux2Go drive in USB port to boot from USB. For altering boot sequences and priority you need to enter BIOS settings of your laptop or desktop.
The process to enter into BIOS changes from hardware to hardware and also the base Operating System you use. In most of the cases pressing orF2F8 or DEL key, while the system is booting, takes you to BIOS. You can search your hardware vendor support manual or website to find the process to get into BIOS.
Once you are in BIOS, you need to change the boot sequence. Normally its Optical drive, Hard Disk, and network/external. Means machine will search for the attached optical drive CD or DVD ROM for the operating system to boot. If not found then it will search attached hard disks. If it doesn’t found OS there it will proceed to check network boot or peripherals devices that have OS to boot.
In our case, we want to boot from USB change the sequence to the external boot method before the internal hard disk. So, the system will check peripheral i.e. USB i.e. our Linux2Go device to boot before internal hard disk which already has OS. This way we are booting from the Linux2Go device rather than the host computer’s hard disk.
Save the settings and reboot the system. Its usually can be done by pressing F10 key and then answering yes to prompt saying ‘save settings and reboot’. But again this might be little different depending on your hardware manufacturer standards.
Step 2:
Connect Linux2Go device to the USB port and reboot the system. Now your system will boot from the SPYRUS Linux2Go device and it will display a bootloader security screen which is known as Toughboot as below.
Toughboot in linux2go drive
You need to enter the Toughboot password here to actually begin booting of OS installed on the Linux2Go device. This password can be found on paper you receive along with your Linux2Go drive. This is additional security by SPYRUS implemented on the drive.
That’s it! after successful password authentication, you will be booted into OS installed on your drive. I have Ubuntu 16.04 LTS installed on my drive. So I booted into it.
Here is a small video of booting SPYRUS WorkSafe Pro Linux2go drive!
Beginners guide to learn grep command with these 19 different practical examples.
Learn grep command with examples
grep : one of the widely used Linux / Unix commands which help sysadmins narrowing down their searches! grep stands for Global Regular Expression Print which is used for searching regular expressions within the source stream of data.
grep command syntax is simple.
grep <switch> <string to search> file
where the switch is from the variety of switches available to use with command. string to search is a regular expression that you want to search within source data. The file is a source of data in which you expect grep command to search.
It is also used widely with pipe for searching strings in data outputted by the previous command. In such a scenario, syntax followed is –
command1 | grep <switch> <string to search>
where output of command1 is being searched using grep command.
We are sharing here 19 grep command practical examples which will help beginners to well versed with this command and use it in their daily operations. Without further delay, let’s learn to grep command with below 20 examples. In all below examples, we will be searching string ‘kerneltalks’ in file1 which is as below –
root@kerneltalks # cat file1
This is demo file for kerneltalks.com
Demo file to be used for demonstrating grep commands on KernelTalks blog.
We are using kerneltalks as a search string for grep examples
Filling data with kernelTalks words for demo purpose.
This line does not contain our targeted search string.
Junk data kasdiohn fjad;ioe;ion cslfns;o;nfg
Find out string in file
# grep kerneltalks file1
This is demo file for kerneltalks.com
We are using kerneltalks as a search string for grep examples
Recursive search in the directory
You can use recursive grep in the directory to search for string/pattern in all files within a directory.
# grep -r "kerneltalks" /tmp/data
OR
# grep -R "kerneltalks" /tmp/data
Count pattern match in grep
You can use -c i.e. count switch with grep command to count how many times a pattern is matched in given data.
# grep -c kerneltalks file1
2
Search exact word in the file
Normally, grep returns lines from data that have pattern matching in it. If you want to search exact word in data then use -w switch.
# grep -w kerneltalks file1
This is demo file for kerneltalks.com
We are using kerneltalks as a search string for grep examples
You can combine it with count switch above and can get the number of times the exact word appeared in the file.
Ignore case while searching with grep
To ignore case while finding match use -i switch i.e. case-insensitive match. So when you search for kerneltalks with -i switch it will show the occurrence of kerneltalks, KERNELTALKS, KernelTalks, etc.
# grep -i kerneltalks file1
This is demo file for kerneltalks.com
Demo file to be used for demonstrating grep commands on KernelTalks blog.
We are using kerneltalks as a search string for grep examples
Filling data with kernelTalks words for demo purpose.
Use of wild card with grep
Wild cards or repetition operators can be used with grep command.
# grep kernel* file1
here, * match anything which precedes with string kernel. You can use repetition operators like ?, *, + with grep.
Reverse grep operation
If you want to display data just by omitting the lines containing your targeted string then you can use grep operation in a reverse way i.e. by using -v switch. Some people also call it an inverted match or grep operation.
# grep -v kerneltalks file1
Demo file to be used for demonstrating grep commands on KernelTalks blog.
Filling data with kernelTalks words for demo purpose.
This line does not contain our targeted search string.
Junk data kasdiohn fjad;ioe;ion cslfns;o;nfg
The above command displays all lines within file1 except the ones which contain string kerneltalks.
Display N lines before matching string using grep
Use of -B switch followed by N number argument will let you display N lines before matching string in a file.
# grep -B 2 targeted file1
We are using kerneltalks as a search string for grep examples
Filling data with kernelTalks words for demo purpose.
This line does not contain our targeted search string.
The above command will display 2 lines above the line which contains string targeted including the line with the string.
Display N lines after matching string using grep
Opposite to above, if you want to display N lines after the match is found, use -A switch with the same above syntax.
# grep -A 2 targeted file1
This line does not contain our targeted search string.
Junk data kasdiohn fjad;ioe;ion cslfns;o;nfg
Here it will display 2 lines below the line which has string targeted in it including a line with the string.
Display N lines around matching string using grep
Using both -A and -B switches, you can display N lines before and after of matching string line. But, grep comes with inbuild switch -C which will do this for you.
# grep -C 1 targeted file1
Filling data with kernelTalks words for demo purpose.
This line does not contain our targeted search string.
Junk data kasdiohn fjad;ioe;ion cslfns;o;nfg
The above command will display 1 line above and 1 line after the line which has matching string.
Match multiple pattern with grep
Searching more than one pattern/string is possible with grep. Stack up your strings using -e switch.
# grep -e Junk -e KernelTalks file1
Demo file to be used for demonstrating grep commands on KernelTalks blog.
Junk data kasdiohn fjad;ioe;ion cslfns;o;nfg
It will search for string1 and string2 in file1 and display all lines with either string in them.
List only file names with matching string in them
When you are searching through a bunch of files and only interested in file names within which string is matched then use -l switch.
# grep -l kerneltalks *.log
Here, we are searching string kerneltalks in all files ending with .log. Since -l switch is used, grep will display only file names where string match is found.
Display line number of match with grep
If you want to get the line number where your string found the match, you can use -n switch.
# grep -n kerneltalks file1
1:This is demo file for kerneltalks.com
3:We are using kerneltalks as a search string for grep examples
Display matched string only rather than whole line of match
By default, grep displays the whole line which contains the match of your searched string. To display only matched string rather than the whole line, you need to use -o switch. Obviously, it not useful when you are searching for the whole string or word but it is very useful when you are searching with wild cards.
# grep -o kernel* file1
Coloring up your grep search output
To highlight matched strings in output use –-color switch
# grep --color=always kerneltalks file1 This is demo file for kerneltalks.com We are using kerneltalks as a search string for grep examples
You have three options to used with --color switch. auto, always and never
Grep out blank lines
You can search and count for blank lines with grep.
# grep -e ^$ file1
It’s helpful for removing blank lines from a file and get only data lines. Use reverse grep we saw earlier (-v switch)
# grep -v -e ^$ file1
It will show you only data lines, omitting all blank lines. You can redirect it to a new file and get a clean data file! You can use the same technique to remove hashed entries from the file by using ^# as a search string. This will helps to remove comments from scripts as well.
Invoke Egrep using grep
Egrep is extended grep with additional character support. egrep is derivative from grep utility. You can use it with egrep command or invoke using grep as below :
# grep -E
Fixed grep Fgrep using grep
Fixed grep is used for fast searching direct strings without any meta-characters or regular expressions. As the name suggests, fgrep is fixed grep! Only direct strings to search and it will be a bit fast than normal grep. fgrep is also another derivative from normal grep and used as fgrep separate command. But it can also be invoked using grep with below switch –
# grep -F
Search pattern in zip file
One more derivative of grep is zgrep. IT is used to find and match string in zip files. It uses almost the same switches as grep only difference is you have to source its zip file to search
# zgrep kerneltalks file2.gz
Let us know if you have any other grep command examples in comments below which re really helpful for sysadmin in day to day operations.
The article explaining How to resolve /bin/bash^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory in Unix or Linux server.
How to resolve /bin/bash^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory
Issue :
Sometimes we see below error while running scripts :
root@kerneltalks # ./test_script.sh
-bash: ./test_script.sh: /bin/bash^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory
This is the issue with files that were created or updated in Windows and later copied over to Unix or Linux machine to execute. Since Windows (DOS) and Linux/Unix interpret line feeds and carriage returns differently. Window’s carriage returns interpreted as an illegal character ^M in *nix systems. Hence you can see ^M in the above error which is at the end of a very first line of script #!/bin/bash which invokes bash shell in the script.
To resolve this issue you need to convert the DOS file into Linux one. You can either re-write the whole file using text editors in Linux/Unix system or you can use tools like dos2unix or native commands like sed.
Solution:
Use dos2unix utility which comes pre-installed on almost all distributions nowadays. dos2unix project hosted here.
There are different encoding you can choose to convert your file. -ascii is default conversion mode & it only converts line breaks. I used here -iso which worked fine for me.
The syntax is pretty simple you need to give encoding format along with the source and destination filenames.
root@kerneltalks # dos2unix -iso -n test_script.sh script_new.sh
dos2unix: active code page: 0
dos2unix: using code page 437.
dos2unix: converting file backup.sh to file script_new.sh in Unix format ...
This way you can keep old files intact and don’t mess with the original file. If you are ok to directly edit the old file then you can try below command :
root@kerneltalks # dos2unix -k -o test_script.sh
dos2unix: converting file test_script.sh to Unix format ...
Where -k keeps the timestamp of the file intact and -o converts the file and overwrites changes to the same file.
Or
You can use streamline editor sed to globally search an replace
root@kerneltalks # sed -i -e 's/\r$//' test_script.sh
where, -i uses source file, edit, and overwrites to the same file. -e supplied the following script code to be run on the source file.
That’s it. You repaired your file from Windows to run fine on the Linux system! Go ahead… execute…!
Learn 8 different ways to generate a random password in Linux using Linux native commands or third-party utilities.
Different ways to generate password in Linux
In this article, we will walk you through various different ways to generate a random password in the Linux terminal. Few of them are using native Linux commands and others are using third-party tools or utilities which can easily be installed on the Linux machine. Here we are looking at native commands like,openssldd, md5sum, tr, urandom and third-party tools like mkpasswd, randpw, pwgen, spw, gpg, xkcdpass, diceware, revelation, keepaasx, passwordmaker.
These are actually ways to get some random alphanumeric string which can be utilized as a password. Random passwords can be used for new users so that there will be uniqueness no matter how large your user base is. Without any further delay, let’s jump into those 15 different ways to generate the random password in Linux.
Generate password using mkpasswd utility
mkpasswd comes with the install of expect package on RHEL based systems. On Debian based systems mkpasswd comes with package whois. Trying to install mkpasswd package will result in error –
No package mkpasswd available. on RHEL system and E: Unable to locate package mkpasswd in Debian based.
So install their parent packages as mentioned above and you are good to go.
Run mkpasswd to get passwords
root@kerneltalks# mkpasswd << on RHEL
zt*hGW65c
root@kerneltalks# mkpasswd teststring << on Ubuntu
XnlrKxYOJ3vik
Command behaves differently on different systems so work accordingly. There are many switches that can be used to control length etc parameters. You can explore them from man pages.
Generate password using OpenSSL
OpenSSL comes in build with almost all the Linux distributions. We can use its random function to get alphanumeric string generated which can be used as a password.
Here, we are using base64 encoding with random function and last digit for the argument to base64 encoding.
Generate password using urandom
The device file /dev/urandom is another source of getting random characters. We are using tr function and trimming output to get the random string to use as a password.
We can even use /dev/urandom device along with dd command to get a string of random characters.
root@kerneltalks# dd if=/dev/urandom bs=1 count=15|base64 -w 0
15+0 records in
15+0 records out
15 bytes (15 B) copied, 5.5484e-05 s, 270 kB/s
QMsbe2XbrqAc2NmXp8D0
We need to pass output through base64 encoding to make it human-readable. You can play with count value to get the desired length. For much cleaner output, redirect std2 to /dev/null. The clean command is –
Another way to get an array of random characters which can be used as the password is to calculate MD5 checksum! s you know checksum value indeed looks like random characters grouped together we can use it as the password. Make sure you use the source as something variable so that you get different checksum every time you run command. For example date ! date command always yields changing the output.
root@kerneltalks # date |md5sum
4d8ce5c42073c7e9ca4aeffd3d157102 -
Here we passed date command output to md5sum and get the checksum hash! You can use cut command to get the desired length of the output.
Generate password using pwgen
pwgen package comes with repositories like EPEL. pwgen is more focused on generating passwords that are pronounceable but not a dictionary word or not in plain English. You may not find it in standard distribution repo. Install the package and run pwgen command. Boom!
You will be presented with the list of passwords at your terminal! What else you want? Ok. You still want to explore, pwgen comes with many custom options that can be referred for man page.
Generate password using gpg tool
GPG is an OpenPGP encryption and signing tool. Mostly gpg tool comes pre-installed (at least it is on my RHEL7). But if not you can look for gpg or gpg2 package and install it.
Use below command to generate password from gpg tool.
Here we are passing generate random byte sequence switch (--gen-random) of quality 1 (first argument) with a count of 12 (second argument). Switch --armor ensures output is base64 encoded.
Generate password using xkcdpass
Famous geek humor website xkcd, published a very interesting post about memorable but still complex passwords. You can view it here. So xkcdpass tool took inspiration from this post and did its work! It’s a python package and available on python’s official website here
All installation and usage instructions are mentioned on that page. Here is install steps and outputs from my test RHEL server for your reference.
You can use these words as input to other commands like md5sum to get the random password (like below) or you can even use the Nth letter of each word to form your password!
Or even you can use all those words together as such a long password which is easy to remember for a user and very hard to crack using the computer program.
Beginners guide to learn dd command along with a list of examples. The article includes outputs for command examples too.
Learn dd command
Beginners guide to learn dd command! In this article, we will learn about dd (Disk Duplication) command and various usage of it along with examples.
dd command mainly used to convert and copy files in Linux and Unix systems. dd command syntax is
dd <options>
It has a very large list of options which can be used as per your requirement. Most of the commonly used options are :
bs=xxx Read and write xxx bytes at a time
count=n Copy only n blocks.
if=FILE Read from FILE
of=FILE Output to FILE
Let me walk you through examples to understand dd command usage.
Backup complete disk using dd
For copying the whole disk to another disk, dd is very helpful. You just need to give it disk to read from and disk to write. Check below example –
root@kerneltalks # dd if=/dev/xvdf of=/dev/xvdg
4194304+0 records in
4194304+0 records out
2147483648 bytes (2.1 GB) copied, 181.495 s, 11.8 MB/s
In the above output, you can see disk /dev/xvdf is copied to /dev/xvdg. Command will show you how much data and what speed it copied.
Identify disk physically using dd
When there are a bunch of disks attached to the server and if you want to trace a particular disk physically, then dd command might be helpful. You have to run dd command to read from disk and write into the void. This will keep the hard disk activity light solid (physical on disk).
root@kerneltalks # dd if=/dev/xvdf of=/dev/null
Normally all other disk blinking activity LED whereas this one will be having its LED solid. Easy to spot the disk then! Be careful with IF and OF. IF you switch their arguments, you will end up wiping out your hard disk clean.
Create image of hard disk using dd
You can create an image of hard disk using dd. It’s the same as what we saw in the first example backup of the disk. Here we will use output file OF as a data file on mount point and not another disk.
root@kerneltalks # dd if=/dev/xvdf of=/xvdf_disk.img
4194304+0 records in
4194304+0 records out
2147483648 bytes (2.1 GB) copied, 32.9723 s, 65.1 MB/s
root@kerneltalks # ls -lh /xvdf_disk.img
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Jan 15 14:36 /xvdf_disk.img
In the above output, we created an image of disk /dev/xvdf into a file located in / named xvdf_disk.img
Compressed image can be created as well using gzip along with dd
root@kerneltalks # dd if=/dev/xvdf |gzip -c >/xvdf_disk.img.gz
4194304+0 records in
4194304+0 records out
2147483648 bytes (2.1 GB) copied, 32.6262 s, 65.8 MB/s
root@kerneltalks # ls -lh /xvdf_disk.img.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0M Jan 15 14:31 /xvdf_disk.img.gz
You can observe output zipped image is very much less in size.
Restore image of hard disk using dd
Yup, the next question will be how to restore this hard disk image on another disk? The answer is simply to use it as a source and destination as another disk.
root@kerneltalks # dd if=/xvdf_disk.img of=/dev/xvdg
4194304+0 records in
4194304+0 records out
2147483648 bytes (2.1 GB) copied, 175.748 s, 12.2 MB/s
Make sure your disk image and target disk has same size.
Restore compressed hard disk image using dd along with gzip command as below –
root@kerneltalks # gzip -dc /xvdf_disk.img.gz | dd of=/dev/xvdg
4194304+0 records in
4194304+0 records out
2147483648 bytes (2.1 GB) copied, 177.272 s, 12.1 MB/s
Create ISO from CD or DVD using dd
Another popular use of dd command is creating an optical disk image file i.e. ISO file from CD or DVD. You need to first mount CD or DVD on your server then use it as a source device and file on mount point as a destination.
Here, we specified the 4096 block size using bs option. Make sure no other application or user is accessing a CD or DVD when running this command. You can use fuser command to check if someone is accessing it.
The next question will be how to mount ISO file in Linux? Well we have already article on it here 🙂
Creating file of definite size with zero data using dd
Many times sysadmins or developers need files with junk data or zero data for testing. Using dd you can create such files with definite size.
Let’s say you want to create a file of 1GB then you define block size of 1M and count of 1024. So 1M x 1024 = 1024M = 1G.
root@kerneltalks # dd if=/dev/zero of=/testfile bs=1M count=1024
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 13.0623 s, 82.2 MB/s
root@kerneltalks # ls -lh /testfile
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.0G Jan 15 14:29 /testfile
In the above output, you can see our math worked perfectly. 1G file is created out of our command.
Changing file uppercase to lowercase using dd
All the above examples we have seen so far are of data copy using dd command. Now, this example is of data convert using dd command. Using dd, you can change file data from all uppercase to lowercase and vice versa.
# cat /root/testdata
This is test data file on kerneltalks.com test server.
# dd if=/root/testdata of=/root/testdata_upper conv=ucase
0+1 records in
0+1 records out
55 bytes (55 B) copied, 0.000138394 s, 397 kB/s
# cat /root/testdata_upper
THIS IS TEST DATA FILE ON KERNELTALKS.COM TEST SERVER.
You can see all data in file is converted to uppercase. For changing data from uppercase to lowercase use option conv=lcase
If you another interesting use of dd command, let us know in the comments down below.
